Controlling antibiotic misuse and overuse: a review of campaigns that promote the rational use of antibiotics in the Americas and Spain

The project’s objective was to review what types of community educational interventions have been conducted by health ministries, non-governmental organizations, and research teams to improve antibiotic use in countries with significant Spanish-speaking populations. I conducted a web-based survey to retrieve educational campaign materials promoting the appropriate use of antibiotics in communities in the Americas and Spain. Public health agencies in 10 countries (Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, Spain, Venezuela, Canada, USA) and six non-governmental organizations (PAHO, APUA, USAID, SAIDI, ReAct, AIS) produced materials promoting the rational use of antibiotics (RUA). Key campaign messages focused on: explaining bacteria, viruses, bacterial resistance, and antibiotics; outlining risks associated with self-medication; protecting the existing stock of medications; consulting a health-care professional; and handwashing. Although numerous Spanish-speaking countries promote RUA, more comprehensive, multifaceted efforts are needed to address the regulatory and organizational factors that lead to the development of antibiotic resistance.