Relationship between maternal contingent responsiveness and infant social expectations

This study investigated the relationship between maternal contingent responsiveness and 4- and 5-month-old infants' (N = 61) social expectation behaviour in a Still Face procedure. Mothers were asked to interact with their infants for 2 minutes (Interactive phase), remain still-faced for 1 minute (Still Face phase), and resume interaction for 2 minutes. Mother and infant behaviour was assessed for the frequency of infant and mother smiles, mother smiles that were contingent to infant smiles during the Interactive phase, and infant social bids to mother during the Still Face phase. Hierarchical regression showed that mother contingent smiles during the Interactive phase accounted for unique variance in infant social bids during the Still Face phase beyond that accounted for by the frequency of mother and infant smiles during the Interactive phase. These results support the theory that infants' social expectations and sense of self-efficacy are formed within their interactions with their caregivers.